Black Widow Spider Facts (Latrodectus mactans)

Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard Free Essays

The city of lights was all about fun and the nightlife during the 19th century. Fortunately enough, Jules Cheerer and Henry De Toulouse-Ululate were able to perfectly capture the essence of Parish’s blooming nightlife through their posters. Generally speaking, both posters are the same style, however, each artist was able to create different visual effects and atmospheric perspective using their own aesthetic sense. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this situation, both posters are advertising to the viewer the exhilarating nightlife n Parisian cabarets back in the 19th century. Yet, Latter’s poster managed to capture a distinctive and sensual atmosphere compared to Cheerer’s joyful atmosphere. Louise Weber, the female dancer In Latter’s poster, can be seen performing the provocative cancan dance, which exposes her undergarments as she kicks her legs. The audience in the background looks as if they are interacting with the dancer even if they are Just watching her. Meanwhile, the dancers in Cheerer’s poster are cheerfully dancing with their hands in the air with no audience around. Even though the figures depicted in both posters are 2-dimensional, Latter’s poster has more depth because of the way he places his figures through out different layers. The male dancer and the unusual yellow shape on the left dominate the foreground. The main focus of this image is the female figure placed in the center and between the foreground and background. The contrasting silhouettes behind her further highlight the focus on her. The figure in the middle of Cheerer’s poster is wearing a vibrant red dress, which easily catches the viewer’s eye even though two lively nagging men overlap her. The two male figures are framing the woman in the middle with their legs. The soft, textured, and plain background contrast with the red and black of the flat figures and brings them out. There Is minimal use of shading, but instead, crisp black lines outline the figures, giving the illustration a flat look. Nothing seems to have a definite structure since there is no sense of strong, angular and straight lines but instead, the lines look more organic as seen with the text and figures. This poster might look a bit symmetrical but the artist drew both men who re facing each other with slight differences to add more to the unstructured and organic feel of the Image. One of the main features of Less Gerard is how the text and illustrations can be seen interacting with one another. One figure looks like as if he is standing on the letter G while the other figure has his legs passing through the letter o. The small 3rd figure relationship can be seen between the text and illustrations in the way they were rendered. The have a long pointed form. For example, the tip â€Å"A† in â€Å"Less Gerard mimics the man’s foot. The text was customized by the artist hence the similarities between the illustrations and the text. Ululate uses several different fonts in his poster. In this case, Latter’s font does not interact with the figures in the poster and does not look like it was drawn by hand but instead is placed on top of the figures with low opacity. The other text that is dominating the top part of the poster has more bold colors and is outlined in black, which balances out the heavy image filled bottom part of the poster. Since Ululate was influenced by Cheerer, the similarities in their work. Ululate also chose to work using the same medium, lithography, which is why their work has strong bold colors. There is no doubt that both artists were influenced by the Japanese style, as it is evident in most of their work. The flat planes of color, 2-dimensional figures, and crisp black contour lines are elements from the Kikuyu-e woodblock print style. Latter’s composition of figures overlapping each other is also derived from the Japanese art style. On the other hand, the composition in Cheerer’s poster is almost symmetrical. This shows us that even though Ululate was influenced by Cheerer, Ululate had a better understanding of Japanese art and was able to fuse that with his own work in order to produce his own style. In conclusion, the posters may seem to be very similar in style; nevertheless, slight differences between those posters do exist and those differences showcase each artist’s unique touch. This demonstrates the endless cycle of an artist influencing another artist who in turn modifies and develops what he learned in order to develop his own style and that may even result in a whole new art movement. How to cite Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard, Essays

M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay Example

M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 Essay Managing Performance When looking at performance management it can be defined as (1) ‘a process which contributes to effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. As such it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure it is achieved. ’ We can see from this definition that managing performance is crucial to the overall performance of the organisation and meeting its goals and objectives. This process must then be strategic but also link other aspects of the organisation such as individuals and teams. As defined above, performance management is ultimately about achieving high levels of organisational performance. As managers we must use performance management as a continuous process that aims to improve develop the individuals in our team. MITIE uses the below diagram to illustrate that the process is continuous. (2) Within my role as Admin Manager I have 3 people directly reporting in to me. As a team we are largely responsible for the smooth running of the operations side of the business including planned and reactive tasks. The team operates across the contract as a whole so has responsibilities in numerous varied processes and tasks. Below I have highlighted some of the key responsibilities within this role in terms of performance management. * Recruitment – I am responsible for recruiting people who are qualified, have relevant experience and can fit in to the team. * Inductions – Site Company inductions are completed and help to start setting performance standard. Setting Performance standards – Features of the job that are usually continuous and based around how the team works or their behaviour. * Setting Objectives – Team and individual objectives are set to achieve specific performance targets. Also objectives are set for individuals relating to personal development. * Probation Review – Completed 3 months in to a new team mem ber’s employment. This is the first official opportunity to review an individual’s performance. Initial objectives and performance standards are also set at this time. Improvement and Development – I have to look for areas where the team can improve performance. Similarly I have to ensure the team has the skills and ability to complete their objectives. This involves development and training for the team and individuals. This is a 2-way process though and as a manager I must create a culture where the team and individuals can be at the forefront of their own development. * Appraisals – These are completed annually and are used to review performance of the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on M3.46 Managing Performance Ilm Level 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During this process the objectives set previously are reviewed along with performance standards. Feedback is given both positive and negative if required. Future development plan is discussed and agreed with the individual. This is also an opportunity for the individual to discuss any problems or obstacles that they have encountered in trying to carry out their role. Furthermore this is also an opportunity to take action to improve poor performance. * Absence/leave – This involves managing planned leave as well as unplanned so team performance is maintained at the required level. As highlighted above one of the key responsibilities I have as a manager is to set team objectives. These objectives must be set and then agreed with the team. Some examples of objectives I have set for the team are below: * Achieve a minimum of 96% overall KPI score for reactive task performance every month * Manage the planned maintenance tasks so 100% of statutory PPM’s are completed within legislative defined timeframe. * Manage all Priority 1 reactive requests for data centres MTXs to ensure zero SLA failures are incurred each KPI month. Within the team I also have performance standards that I set, which are linked to the MITIE’s values. Some examples are below. (3) * Take pride in delivering and improving services to the client * Understand the clients requirements and try to exceed expectations * Use initiatives to resolve issues calmly and effectively * Promotes MITE by doing the best job possible and demonstrating passion for the quality of work done * Deliver the best service by showing flexibility in approach and being open to fresh thinking * Understand and implement strategies nd processes to generate profits in line with business targets and expectations * Understand what is expected of them in support of the client and how to deliver it * Work efficiently without wasting resources or time, understanding that this effects profit * Informs manager of factors that may impact on the business * Co-operate with colleagues and clients, work together and support each other to achieve team and client goals * Recognise the impacts of personal actions on reputation of the team, yourselves and MITIE * Prioritises workload to ensure personal and team goals are achieved * Make a positive contribution to the team and the organisation as a whole * Demonstrate support for others Looking at the above we can see how many of the objectives and performance standards are linked. To achieve the objectives the team must work to the performance standards. Below I have highlighted an example of how the two are linked. Objective| Performance standards required to complete| Achieve a minimum of 96% overall KPI score for reactive task performance every month| To complete this objective the team must – * Understand the client’s requirements and try to exceed expectations. * Work efficiently without wasting resources or time, understanding that this effects profit * Prioritises workload to ensure personal and team goals are achieved| The performance standards can be applied to all of the objectives in some way and do not change significantly throughout a review year. These standards are continuous and they outline the way in which the team works. Team Objectives differ as they have defined performance areas. Furthermore they can change frequently throughout a review year. When managing performance arguably the most critical element of the process is measuring the performance. This can be completed in a variety of ways and is done so against the team objectives and performance standards set. Measuring performance against objectives differs from that of performance standards. Below I have highlighted how I would measure performance against the objectives and performance standards. In the above flowchart we can see how measuring performance against objectives involves many of the same methods. As managers we can use a combination of measures to get an overall picture of how the team is performing. Measuring objectives is usually a precise measurement with defined criteria for success and failure. For example the KPI score indicates the success and or failure of the above objectives. In the above flowchart I have highlighted the methods I use for measuring performance against the performance standards. To illustrate how a combination of measures is often required I have grouped them together. Looking at the above flowcharts we can see how objectives and performance standards need to work in unison to be successful. All of the performance standards are there to help achieve the objectives and clearly indicate to the team what the expectations are. As the admin manager I need to use a combination of performance measures so I can effectively manage the team’s performance. If I know where we are in terms of performance I can then look at development and improvement opportunities. When measuring performance there are inevitably instances where the team or individuals are underperforming. An example of underperformance that has occurred from an individual is as follows: Within the admin team I manage there are 3 individuals with similar workloads and responsibilities. Around 6 months ago one member of the team continually made errors and in some cases forgot to complete the weekly bookings for the engineers. The bookings are so the engineers in the field can access secure sites and complete routine and reactive maintenance. It is a crucial part of the role and if not completed it impacts negatively on the overall contract performance. After a few weeks of mistakes being made and bookings not being done I decided that a performance improvement plan needed to be implemented. Prior to completing this I had looked at the workload of the individual compared to the other team members and concluded that there was no difference. Next i looked at other factors that could be reasons for the individual performance. In this process I looked at internal factors such as competences, methods of work, personal problems, medical and motivation. Examples of the external factors I considered were distractions, family ; relationships, finance and other team members. Most of these factors were discussed with the individual in an informal meeting to gain an understanding of how the individual thinks they are performing. The individual highlighted that during the time where they complete the weekly bookings they were distracted by phone calls, emails and other team members so couldn’t concentrate on the completing the task. Taking this feedback from the individual I was happy that the reason for underperformance was due to distractions and time management issues. From here I asked the individual to go away and look at the tasks they need to complete in the week and suggest areas for improving their time management. The next step was to have a meeting with the individual to identify areas to improve the way they work to allow the task to be completed. It was agreed that 2 hours was required a week to complete the bookings. Using the individual’s feedback regarding time and the distractions I put together a method that would aim to remove the distractions. I suggested the following methods: * Put a 2 hour window in calendar to complete bookings each week between 10-12 * Put out of office on diverting to other team members for the 2 hours and close down outlook * Divert phone to other team members for 2 hours Move to location away from other team members to complete bookings In the process i looked to remove the distractions and give the task some structure by putting a timeframe to it. This was agreed by the individual and then cascaded to the other team members. When using this performance improvement technique I also had to consider what happens after it is implemented. To do this I used an improvement cycle which continues until the individual is performing at the required level. Below is an example of cycle: (4) For the above example we can see that after the plan stage I must measure the performance. This will involve using the techniques as highlighted earlier, in particular feedback from engineers. I must then compare these results with other members of the team. This will help to see if the improvement process can be improved or needs amending. If any changes need to be made then they are implemented and the cycle starts again. Improving performance is not a start to finish process and needs to be implemented as a continuous cycle. Bibliography 1. ARMSTRONG, M. and BARON, A. (2004) Managing performance: performance management in action. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2. MITIE Intranet – BMS Form MG(G)541 Managers guide to performance management – objective based appraisals – Page 2 3. MITIE – Performance Standards Document 4. measure2improve. econtrack. co. uk/Content. aspx? 236 – accessed 29/11/2011

An Estimation of Systematic Risk Essay Example

An Estimation of Systematic Risk Essay Example An Estimation of Systematic Risk Essay An Estimation of Systematic Risk Essay An Estimation of Systematic Risk This is a financial report on the estimation of risk for Walt Disney CO. (DS) and Energy Transfer Equity LP (ETE). This report is done on the basis of the Normality Assumption suggesting that there is a constant variance and that the two variables tested are related there error terms = O. There is also the assumption that the distribution of error term is normal between both variables. Contents Statement of Hypothesis 2 Specification of the Mathematical Model of the Theory 3 Specification of the Statistical or Economic Model 5 Obtaining Data 6 Estimation of the Parameters of the Econometric Model 7 Hypothesis Testing 8 Forecasting, Prediction and Advice 1 1 Hypothesis: The expectation of each security is that its systematic risk will tend to mirror the market more closely and take certain values closer to 1 then its stated beta. I expect Walt Disney (DS) to take up a beta less than its stated value of 1. 2, and arbitrarily be 1. 15, . 05 less, and I expect Energy Transfer Equity LP (ETE) to take up a beta greater than its stated value of . 82, and arbitrarily be . 87, . 05 greater. My hypothesized numbers are closer to 1 to represent the basis of my hypothesis that he true is closer to 1 . Im suggesting this theory because securities want to appear more attractive to investors and not mirror the market too closely. Securities will exaggerate their betas in order to appear more dispersed from the market. It is important for investors to have the most accurate data possible as to make the proper assumptions about their investments. This will become better represented in the return analysis and CAPM models of each stock supported by the benchmark of the S 500. A formula representation of the hypothesis should look like: HO: P2 1. 15 (DS) HI: *1. 15 (DS) HO: = . 87 (ETE) HI: . 87 (ETE) The data from these SRF will suggest that the stated values of DIS and ETE beta will be closer than they are represented on common business sites such as Yahoo Finance and MSN Money. It will be apparent Walt Disney and Energy Transfer Equity should still be highly considered as potential options in portfolios. With a more accurate measure of each stocks it will provide the investor with better information to assess the amount of risk the investor is willing to take on based off the returns of each security. Specification of the Mathematical Model of the Theory Independent Variable, X = S 500 Dependent variables, Y, Yl = DS, Y2 = ETE Using the two-variable linear regression model we can calculate the SRF and draw inferences about our PRF. The market or SP 500 will have a benchmark of 1 as that is the stated basis for testing the f the market. Yi will be the daily returns of the securities over the last five years dating from March 25th, 2008 to March 25th, 2013. These five years will be the basis for all data collection. A mathematical It is estimated from the SRF A mathematical representation of the SRF for DIS and ETE is as follows: 9i = DAI + The mathematical model for the SRF of the data states that the parameters are DAI which is the risk free rate or rf, and OA2 which is the slope or of the security. The y- intercept, or DAI will be represented as O because its already factored into our expected return (ER) of the securities and subtracted from it. Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM we can further discuss the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A graphical representation of the CAPM is as follows: ERi is known as the expected return of the securities, and is known as the systematic risk or the return of the market. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables in our hypothesis is a positive one because the assumption as stated in the hypothesis is that the betas of DIS and ETE are positive values, so regardless of actual value, they move in a positive manner with the market. DAI is assumed to be O in this graphical representation as stated prior as it is subtracted from our expected returns of each security. A mathematical representation of the CAPM model is as follows: (ERi rf) = (ERm rf) ERm is the expected return of the market, calculated by averaging the yield of the S 500 for the last five years. The risk-free rate is estimated from the five year average return of 3-month Treasury bills. Specification of the Statistical or Economic Model A mathematical representation of the error term is as follows: Ui = Yi E (y/xi) In this equation, Ui is known as the error term of a given variable, in our case the minus the mean return of the given security, E (y/xi). The error term in this hypothesis represents the variation of returns in our securities that cannot be explained by the market. In other words, its our inability to model all the movements f the dependent variable. There are other variables other than the SP 500 that effect the return of DIS and ETE. Geographical, political, and other economic factors all affect the return of a security in some way. Increasing the sample size of our SRF further eliminates the error term, but its impossible to completely eliminate the error term due to the immeasurable connectivity of all variables. Obtaining Data Data is necessary in order to help explain the basis of our hypothesis. It is essential that the collection of data be done in the most intentional and accurate way according to your hypothesis. Data for testing was obtained through Yahoo Finance. Data for Walt Disney Inc. , Energy Transfer Equity LLP, and the S 500 was collected from a five year daily period from March 25th, 2008, to March 25th, 2013. Data selection was intentionally selected to avoid the majority of the great recession and the years before. To increase the accuracy and reduce the error term of our returns, daily returns were preferred over weekly or monthly. Data collected was the % changes in each the price of each variable. With this data a simple mathematical equation was performed to adjust the % changes into returns. The mathematical equation is as follows: Y2 represents the % change in a securities price the day after Yl . Using SAS Web Editor to run tests on the data collected further interpretations of the two parameters, Pl and P2 can be concluded. The SAS coding for each plot is as proc plot; plot DIS*SP500; plot ETE*SP500; proc reg; model ETE=SP500; model DIS=SP500; See attached PDF for visual results of SAS tests. Interpretation of Parameters The parameter estimates for the SAS tests are as follows: For ETE, using a regression analysis, SAS concluded that Pl = . 00052687 which is ssumed to be O. SAS estimated the beta as OA2 = . 80867 which is about . 01 lower than what Yahoo Finance and MSN Money had calculated it to be, which was . 82. The standard error for ETE, SE (OA2) = . 02931. r2 was found for our ETE return model to be . 773. The value of r2 of . 3773 means that about 37. 73% of the variation in the daily return of ETE is explained by the markets daily return. For DS, using a regression analysis, SAS concluded that Pl = . 00041319 which, again, is assumed to be O. The SAS calculated the beta for DIS as OA2 = 1. 09786 which was about . 1 lower han what Yahoo Finance and MSN Money had calculated it to be, which was 1. 2. The standard error for DS, SE (OA2) = . 02036. r2 was found for our DIS return model as . 6983. The value of r2 of . 6983 means that about 69. 3% of the variation in the daily return of DIS is explained by the markets daily return. The intercept for each regression analysis is interpreted as O because the risk-free rate is already factored into the return of the securities. Using the estimates from the parameters of the regression analysis one can test the statistical significance of their hypothesis. Running a test of significance test will show the range in which the true beta is found. Running a t-test one will be able to see if the stated betas of DIS and ETE are statistically significant than the actual beta. The hypothesized betas for the securities are as follows: HO: P2 = 1. 15 (DS) The estimated betas for the securities are as follows: = 1 . 09786 (DS) = . 80867 (ETE) The estimated standard errors of each security are as follows: SE (OA2) = . 02036 (DS) SE (QQ) = . 02931 (ETE) Region of Acceptance Testing The formula for calculating the region of acceptance for our HO is as follows: Pr [P2 an SE (OA2) + tan SE (OA2)] = 1 -a DS: 2=1. 15 tan = 1. 962 SE (OA2) = . 02036 pr [1. 11 ETE: = . 87 SE (OA2) = . 02931 pr [ . 812 . 28] = 95% level of significance These equations show the range in which the true value of the beta for each security is found. We are 95% confident that the true is found within these values. Notice how both levels of significance tend to stretch towards 1. The stated for DIS was 1. 2, and . 82 for ETE. The HO for both securities is located within this level of significance, which is a good indicator in support of my hypothesis. T-testing The formula for calculating t he t-value of each security is as follows: t = (OA2 HO: 2)/ SE On the basis oft for Walt Disney we see that t = (1. 09786 1. 15)/ . 2036 which equals -2. 5609 which is significant at a = 5% if you compare the t-value. Taking the absolute value of the calculated t-value we can make a comparison The t-value calculated: tal 2 = t. 025 = 1. 962 Again, given the confidence coefficient of 95%, in the long run 95 out of 100 case intervals will contain the true beta of Energy Transfer Equity LLP. F-value When testing the overall significance of the model one can analyze the f-value for each security. The estimated f-values for each security are as follows: F-value ETE = 761. 03 The calculated f-value formula is as follows: (ESS/(k- 1 K is equal to the #of independent variables which is 2. N is the sample size. (2-1)/ (1256-2) 1/ 1254 Using the F table and that data above the calculated f-value on a =5% interval is 3. 84. Since 3. 84 My hypothesis essentially suggested that the betas of each security would tend to mirror the market more closely than their stated beta, testing rejected that theory. My arbitrary guess was that each security would be . 05 closer to 1 than its stated beta. Data suggested that the beta for ETE was actually farther away from 1, the opposite of my hypothesis, and while data for DIS suggested a beta closer to 1, it wasnt statistically significant nough to fail to reject my hypothesis. However analysis on the level of significance for each security suggested that the true beta was indeed closer to 1, again, Just not statistically significant enough. Forecasting and Prediction: Based off of the estimated parameters from hypothesis testing we can suggest that Walt Disney will produce roughly a 10% 20% higher swing in volatility related to the market. With greater systematic risk in this security one can predict higher returns as well. Forecasting the return for DIS based the estimated parameters consists of oughly a 10% 20% higher return than the market. Forecasting for Energy Transfer Equity LP based off of the estimated parameters suggests that returns will be slightly less volatile than reported from MSN Money and Yahoo Finance. With an estimated beta of . 80867, and a stated beta from financial states at . 82, ETE looks to be generating revenues at about 20% less than the market. Both of these predictions are under the assumption that the percentage of risk for each security directly correlated to the percentage of return for that security. Investment Advice: Financially speaking, DIS is going to provide higher returns for a portfolio than ETE, but at a greater risk. In terms of investing, security selection boils down the type of investor, and how risk averse they are. Its important to diversify a portfolio which is why Id definitely suggest including these two securitys together, to avoid taking on unnecessary risk. As I stated in my hypothesis mirroring the market is generally something avoided in investing, however in light of the recent positivity of the market and what many consider a bull market, mirroring the market could actually be a very safe and profitable decision.

Practicing a Presentation - Advanced Business English

Practicing a Presentation - Advanced Business English Mike: Anne, can I run the new presentation by you?Anne: Certainly, Id love to hear some of the new concepts. Mike: OK, here goes ... On behalf of myself and Sport Outfitters, Id like to welcome you. My names Mike Andersen. This morning, Id like to outline our new campaign concepts that have been recently developed.Anne: Excuse me, who was invited to this conference? Mike: Our sales representatives from our branch offices were asked to come. I think a number of upper-management representatives were also invited.Anne: Thats good. Our marketing approach is going to be completely revamped. Mike: And thats why we need everyone to be informed. So, Ill continue. Youll be given the background and Ill talk you through the results of some of our recent market studies.Anne: How many surveys were completed? Mike: I think about 100,000 were returned to the company. Our marketing team was very pleased with the response.Anne: OK, continue... Mike: The presentation has been divided into three parts. First, our past approach. Secondly, present changes that will be made. Thirdly, future forecasts ...Anne: That sounds good. Mike: If you have any questions, please dont hesitate to ask. At the end of this presentation, a short advertisement will be shown to give you an idea of where we are going.Anne: Good job Mike. I hope your graphics are being put together by Bob. Mike: Of course they are, you know hes the best! Multiple Choice Comprehension Questions 1. Why does Mike want to speak to Anne? to practice his presentationto get her opinion on the new campaignto show her some pictures 2. Besides sales representatives, who will be attending the conference? marketing staffsome representatives from upper managementmachine workers 3. What is going to be completely changed? the surveysthe product linethe marketing approach 4. How many surveys were completed and returned to the company? 10,000100,0001,000,000 5. Who are the graphics going to be done by? MikeBobAnne Answer Key Answers are in  bold. 1. Why does Mike want to speak to Anne? to practice his presentationto get her opinion on the new campaignto show her some pictures 2. Besides sales representatives, who will be attending the conference? marketing staffsome representatives from upper managementmachine workers 3. What is going to be completely changed? the surveysthe product linethe marketing approach 4. How many surveys were completed and returned to the company? 10,000100,0001,000,000 5. Who are the graphics going to be done by? MikeBobAnne More Business Resources Business English for ESL LearnersSample Business MeetingHow to Write a Business Report for English  Learners

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management - Essay Example The paper tells that project management has been defined as a discipline (science and art) that entails planning, managing, organizing and securing the components or resources of a project so as to ensure its success. A project is usually a well defined endeavor with a beginning and end that are well defined and time constrained so as to meet desired objectives and goals by adding value or bringing change. A project is not like normal business operations which are permanent and repetitive. A project is usually temporary and is created once to achieve a specific purpose. Project management is necessary because a lot of resources are put into these projects. In any project, performance, cost and time should be managed so as to ensure a project is controlled and executed well to achieve its goals and objectives. The key elements of project management that will be outlined in this report include managing human resources through directing and coordinating the administration of people invo lved in the project. Another key element of project management that will be outlined in this project is managing quality through the fulfillment of the quality standards set up for performance of the project. The final element of project management that will be discussed in this essay is the Managing the scope of the project in controlling the project through aims, goals and objectives of its sponsors. The Scottish Parliament Building (Edinburgh) project was specifically started to provide a parliamentary building complex that would house members of parliament, civil servants and other staff.... be discussed in this essay is the Managing the scope of the project in controlling the project through aims, goals and objectives of its sponsors (Joseph 2003, p. 60). The Scottish Parliament Building (Edinburgh) project was specifically started to provide a parliamentary building complex that would house members of parliament, civil servants and other staff (Taylor 2002, p. 4). The project was a very crucial one because it was a political project that could easily be affected by the politics of the country. The project was launched in 1999 and construction of the building began in June 1999 (Taylor 2002, p. 21). The project was successfully completed in 2004 and the building was officially opened on October 9th 2004 by Queen Elizabeth (Taylor 2002, p. 11). The project of constructing the Scottish Parliament Building was one of the most successful known projects. The success of the project can be attributed to a number of factors, mostly revolving around its management (Taylor 2002, p. 25). The first factor that led to the success of the project was the effective managing of human resources through directing and coordinating the administration of people involved in the project. The history of the project dates back to when the Scottish electorate held a referendum on September 11th 1997 that allowed Scottish Parliament to legislate on some of the common domestic affairs (Taylor 2002, p. 11). This led to the decision to construct a purpose built facility in Edinburg that would house the Scottish Parliament. Enric Miralles design was chosen out of the twelve proposed ones and the work was given to a company called EMBT/RMJM that was specifically set up to manage this project (Harrison & Dennis 2004, p. 28). One of the key factors that led to the success of the project

Primitivism in Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Primitivism in Modern Art - Essay Example The essay "Primitivism in Modern Art" concerns the modern art and primitivism. â€Å"Expressionists† differentiate themselves from other art movements by defining themselves as artists who are â€Å"expressing† themselves because their painting and production of artworks involves their own perceptions, personalities and interests. Foremost of the â€Å"Expressionist† artists were the group called Brà ¼cke which was founded in 1905 by architecture students Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Beyl, Karl Schmidt-Rotluff and Erich Heckel and later joined by remarkable artists such as Emil Nolde, Cuno Amiet, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. Thru the efforts of the group in its first eight years, the world was able to witness the greatest development of the first period of German expressionism which went through various stylistic phases inspired by the stylistic objectives shared by its members. The movement had one very important tendency and that is propensity to look into ‘primitive’ culture for inspiration on the form of their artwork. While they were belonging to the modern era, German expressionists Brà ¼cke explored into non-European, tribal cultures to try to distinguish their works of arts with others and gave rise to the term ‘Primitivism’. ‘Primitive’ art was considered to be closer to unmediated expression and more ‘authentic’ than the civilized. The idea of ‘nature/culture’ was most appealing to German expressionists because ‘nature’ was considered as being direct, unfettered, non-intellectual etc. ... The 'woman' was also considered to be belonging to the primitive group. In this paper, I will be looking into how primitive art inspired modern artists by exploring the concept of primitive art and how it influenced modern artists such as the Brucke in their artworks. A case study involving the analysis of how African sculptures inspired Erich Heckel is provided for a more specific and clear discussion of how primitive art influenced modern artists. 2.0 Exploring the Primitivism Concept 2.1 What is 'Primitive' Whenever one hears of the word 'primitive', there is a tendency to associate it with the word 'barbarian' or 'uncivilized' which connotes untamed and direct expression. While the definition of the term is a major issue in art historical writing, central to the term is the concept of the 'other'. The concept is derived from postmodern theory that describes a tendency to misrepresent another culture, society, social group or object as different, even alien and speak of it as 'other' to the artist's own culture and experiences. The primitive is often associated with tribal and Oriental (those from the East) people but Expressionists also associates it with the nude particularly the nude female. The woman is considered to be a creature of 'primitive' textile prone to 'natural' impulses as opposed to the notion male rationality. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, the Brucke's leader, is particularly fond of nude women and his works is said to display the affinity between culture/male rationality and nature/female impulses (Lloyd, 1991). This is shown in his work displayed in Figure 1: Figure 1. Nude. Kirschner (1910). The sight of Nude