Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Negative Effect of Television on People Essay

Of course, Television, one of the main sources of entertainment is pleasurable. Most adults and children find it very interesting to watch television programs. A good number of individuals in the society are unaware that their time, fervor and even their personal rights are sacrificed to watching television. Although television is enjoyable, accessible, cheap and attractive, most of the contents depicted by it such as violence and sexual intercourse have adverse influences on its viewers. It affects the health of children and upsets our daily life activities. Researches had shown that watching television for long hours has negative effects on its viewers. Television became popular in the 1950s and since then, it has spread all over†¦show more content†¦Slightly more than one-third of the child molesters and rapists in this study claimed to have at least occasionally been incited to commit an offense by exposure to pornography. Among the child molesters incited, the study rep orted that 53 percent of them deliberately used the stimuli of pornography as they prepared to offend. (Hughes 12). I can remember lucidly when I was still in secondary school, after fantasizing for more than 6 years; I lost my reasoning faculty. Indulging myself on that which wasn’t real has made me unable to contemplate on that which was real. I lost my logical reasoning and my initiative ability. My mind was contaminated by the things I watched in pornographic movies which in turn led me into series of masturbations. Our family doctor even said that my mind was weakened by the things I watched and that it was really affecting my emotions. Conversely, people now access pornographic scenarios through the internet but however, not as much as television. Researches had discovered that pornography accessed through the internet is being paid for before viewing it, unlike that of the television which can be watched for free. Moreover, movie shooters promote sexual activities through the television by using storage devices such as compact disks which contain pornographic videos and images;Show M oreRelatedThe Reality of Reality Television1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reality of Reality Television Jacqueline Knudsen ENG122: English Composition II Jenna Fussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? Truth is most people do not think about the effects television shows can have before watching them or allowing their children to watch them. ThisRead MoreEssay on Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life1130 Words   |  5 PagesNegative Effects of TV The television has many effects on family life and the individual, causing family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naà ¯ve of their surroundings. The TV keeps one hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and personal relationships to weaken. Not only does the TV seem to be a good alternative to conversations and interactions amongst one another, but it also helps to create a gap between the fictional world of TV and reality. Since theRead More The Effects Of Television Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesThe television has been commercially available in America since the 1930’s. According to the A.C. Nielsen Co., the average American watches more than 4 hours of TV each day. In a sixty-five year lifespan, that person will have spent nine years glued to the tube. This constant attention to programming can cause positive and negative effects. The negative effects on an average American family can be explained psychologically, emotionally, and physically. Television affects the psyche of childrenRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Television1297 Words   |  6 PagesTelevision has been a means of entertainment, a way to learn new things, a means in which people can explore the world, and learn about other cultures for many years. Children watch television approximately three to four hours a day on average. By their teenage years, they will have watched more television than their time spent in school. The content watched and the excessive time spent in front a TV during early childhood can prove to have negative effects later in their lives. There has to be aRead MoreThe Phenomenon Of Reality Television941 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of Reality Television† GENERAL PURPOSE: To present new information SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform my audience about the history of reality television, the types of reality television, how popular it has become in our world today, and the negative and positive effects of reality television. THESIS/CENTRAL IDEA: There is so much more to reality television than meets the eye. INTRODUCTION I. HOOK: Just imagine. You’re sitting on your couch flipping through the channels on your television. You noticeRead MoreDesensitization From Lack Of Discretion1614 Words   |  7 PagesDoes all this play a part in how we prosper as adults? The media left uncensored has lasting negative psychological effects on our children which in turn lends to poor decision making, violence and other immoral choices which in turn degrades our individual lives as we get older and society as a whole. How does psychology play a role in media censorship? Psychologists have been studying the effects of television on our children since as early as the 1950’s. â€Å"As a result of 15 years of â€Å"consistently disturbing†Read More Television Violences Effects on Children Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision Violences Effects on Children Most people read statistics like â€Å"Before the average American child leaves elementary school, he or she will have witnessed more than 8,000 murders on television† ( â€Å"Does T.V. Kill?† ), and worry about the negative effect viewing violence on television will have on their children. Research into the effects of childhood exposure to violent television programming shows that there is cause for concern. Watching violence on television does have a negativeRead MoreHow Technology Has Its Impacts On Family Life1585 Words   |  7 Pagesmore noteworthy effect amid the season of function and additionally amid the recreation times. Human life has been created a considerable measure of the comfort which innovation has given. At the point when individuals are searching for better future utilizing innovation, internet and media shown to have several effects on human life on the other side. It has its impact in great and terrible routes on the brains of individuals. It is a key element in choosing the eventual fate of people in the mean timeRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Has On Store For Me Tonight1547 Words   |  7 PagesIt is Monday morning and I am already thinking about what reality television has in store for me tonight. There are so many shows to choose from at prime time, so instead of making a hard decision, I simply plan to watch them all. From Basketball Wives and Black Ink Crew to Love and Hip-hop and The Real Housewives of Atlanta, my Monday night seems to be very eventful. It is something about the constant drama that keeps my glued to the TV screen – the constant shouting and fussing, not to mentionRead MoreTelevision Shows and Offensive Language1038 Words   |  4 PagesOffensive language is a part of television that has increased dramatically over the past decades. Public television shows such as Family Guy, Southpark, The Office, Tosh.0 and countless others are riddled with offensive jokes that target nearly every group of people on the planet. With so much offensive language it is hard not to question whether or not this is completely changing how offensive media is perceived outside of the media. These shows have jokes that use negative stereotypes on almost all

Monday, December 16, 2019

Women’s Right to be Educated Free Essays

Before the Revolutionary War education was undergoing many changes. One of these changes was that many people, like the Puritans, felt that education was the key to help a person be successful in life. The idea was that if you were successful in life, then you would be spiritually successful also. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Right to be Educated or any similar topic only for you Order Now The only problem with the Puritan’s ideas was that it left out women. For a woman, in order to be successful, she had to raise her family in the way of the Church, and obey her husband. If she were to do this, she would achieve spiritual success. But the philosophy was mainly focused on the breadwinners of the family. A woman’s role in society was not as noticeable to achieve merit. Their primary role was to stay at home and take care of the children. Also, they would help their husband in many of his daily activities. Women were being excluded from education, society, and power. The turning point for women though, was the Revolutionary War. Many women were left at home to take care of all of the responsibilities around the house or farm. With this new set of responsibilities, women began to think a little bit. They began to wonder why they hadn’t been able to obtain any sort of social power. The fact remains that women had no power at this time because of historical reasons. Historically men had been the heads of the household. And with the strong religious beliefs of the time women couldn’t change that. The Bible was a clear-cut answer to who should run the home. A woman’s function from the perspective of the Bible was to be a mother and to be obedient to their husbands. Women didn’t need education in order to be mothers and or to be obedient. Women had been educated before the turn of the Revolutionary War. But the education they were getting was not equal to that of the men or clergy. Really, the only education they were getting was the education that was taking place in the Church, separated from men. Before the War, women had a 40% literacy rate. This meant that 40% of the women’s population could sign their name. They were only allowed to learn about the Bible and their religion. So historically women only needed enough education in order to stay at home and do domestic labor, and also to take care of their children. Secondly, men had been supporting the family for centuries. So all in all women had no power whatsoever. They had no voice in society, except for the raising of the children and the instillment of morality over their children. This would later be helpful as women started teaching. Before the War women had been dependent upon men. Now that the men were gone fighting, the women had no choice but to take over the responsibilities of supporting the family. This caused women to start thinking about their situation. They started to wonder why it was that they could do everything a man could do now, but they weren’t being treated as though they were equal. They had no education, no power, no voice, and were now supporting the family. After the War was over some very interesting social groups popped up. One of these groups was called the Loyal Citizens. The Loyal Citizens group was a woman’s group that was formed in order to uphold the â€Å"Republican Motherhood†. The basic idea here was that women should shape their sons in the image of the Republic. Also, the mothers should shape their daughters to become good Republican Mothers. This and other groups would be a powerful influence on the unification of women. For one of the first times we see women joining together in a common voice. Women are starting to understand that they aren’t going to get anywhere unless they are unified. Meanwhile many schools were developing with the intention to educate women. The economy was booming which created many job openings for men. This left a void to be filled in the schools. For the private schools this meant that they weren’t going to be able to stay open unless they were able to fill the open spots. So in order to fill the need, many women were educated in Proprietary schools. The education in these schools was not the same as the education in an all-male school. These schools were actually beauty and technical schools. Although, women were not receiving the same education as men, the education they were receiving would also have a large impact on the unification of women. Education at this time was responsible for unifying the country and shaping children as talked about in previous papers. With the education of women starting to be accepted, there was an explosion of girls schools called academies. This was around 1807-1808. The purpose of the academies was to teach grammar and etiquette. Some of them were actually finishing schools. Academies were a huge step for women’s education. Women finally had a school that they could call their own. As women became educated, men started to wonder if women’s education would interfere with their opportunities. The argument was made that education would not make women discontent with their roles in life, but instead would lead them to accept their place in society more easily. Here it is obvious to see that the women are having to justify their education to the men in order to continue. Women’s education is still not accepted among society because the people in power, who were men, heavily influenced society. Hence, women still had little opportunity to do anything with this newfound education. In the early part of the 19th century, many of the common schools were undergoing dramatic changes. With such an onslaught of women becoming educated, there would soon be a large percentage of women who would need jobs. As the common schools began to increase in size, the demand for teachers rose. The women that had recently found education would soon meet the demand for teachers. One of the reasons for this was that women could be given less pay than men. And education was in great demand with the signing of the Northwest Ordinance. The majority of women’s teaching was at the elementary school level. They would have approximately 40 to 100 kids all of whom were between the ages of 3 and 16. The only qualification that a woman needed to teach was that she had to have graduated from elementary school. With little education, women would start teaching with as little as 1 week of training in etiquette. In 1839 Horace Mann would come back from Europe and start to influence the way teachers were being educated. He developed the Normal School. It would teach the basic methods of teaching. He borrowed these methods from the Prussian education system. Later, in 1861 the Oswego Normal School would be a forerunner of all of the Normal Schools by placing even more emphasis on the learning of teaching methods. Normal Schools became an outlet for women. They could be educated to become teachers because society’s views were changing. Finally in 1837, Oberlin College started accepting women and African Americans. Economically it had become cheaper to educate both the girls and boys. Society had become more egalitarian because of this push for women to educate themselves. But equality was far away. Society had changed. There was a need for women to come out of the home and into the workplace. But was this for the best. Women today still struggle to find equality in the workplace. Society, which was run by men, allowed women to come out of the home and to teach. So women did make a great stride in the right direction, but only because they were let to go there. Margaret Haley was an activist for women’s power and a vehement supporter of teacher’s unions. She noticed that women had no power and were still confined by the bounds that were placed upon them by men. Examples of this were that women would have to report to male administrators and were constantly scrutinized by men. She wanted to level the playing field by empowering women. She was also responsible for the American Federation of Teachers, which would later be known as the AFLCIO. With women being educated, the only thing left for them to do was to gain power and to someday give society the gentle touch of a woman. Women had learned the role of the Republican Mothers. There was no better way to teach a child than to have a woman who already understood their role as a mother. This role would be to shape the children they would teach into sons and daughters of America. Women were the perfect teachers. They had been teaching their own children for years how to be moral and responsible citizens. Through their struggle women eventually won their suffrage and would have a larger voice in the country. But even today there are still ripples from the pond that reach us. Women still struggle daily with trying to achieve total equality. Hopefully, they will win their fight! How to cite Women’s Right to be Educated, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Volclay Siam Ltd Project Implementation Plan

Question: Discuss about the Volclay Siam Ltd Project Implementation Plan. Answer: Introduction The setting in which businesses operate has changed radically throughout the latest couple of years. Extended contention, globalization, the effect innovation in general events impact the execution and survival of associations on a general scale (Banister and Remenyi, 2009). Innovation has changed the way associations cooperate, from the getting and modifying of customers to the organization of their relations with suppliers. This is not simply transforming the way people get to data, bestow, shop and draw in themselves, furthermore the way associations fight and work. With the wide use and acknowledgment of the Internet, an example has made where associations are moving their data frameworks to Web-centered data frameworks. A Web-centered data structure interrelates to all the particular data frameworks in an association IT and distinctive interfaces. Associations in like manner use the Internet to electronically give innovative things and organizations. Customers in associations ar e asking for that the data frameworks used by the association should twist up discernibly more beneficial and fruitful. Along these lines, associations are constrained to place strongly in the preferred standpoint and to stay forceful in this new condition. Global spending on information is viewed as exorbitant and hazardous, numerous information systems ventures seem to proceed without the utilization of formal speculation evaluation and hazard administration procedures (Remenyi, Money, Twite, 2015). Nonetheless, harder monetary circumstances are constraining organizations to treat information technology (IT) speculations simply like other settled ventures that are driven by sound business practices and not developed. The old contention that it is not important to formally legitimize the interest in information systems since they are deliberately imperative to stay 'in business', is being addressed. In a business situation where senior chiefs and leaders are held to an ever increasing extent responsible to the shareholders for their speculation choices, the requirement for utilizing by and large acknowledged procedures and techniques to legitimize the venture choices exists (Brynjolfsson, 2012). This exploration examined some applicabl e issues on the choice to put resources into information systems, as well as the techniques that organizations at present utilize to legitimize their interest in information systems. There is a long convention that capital use must be formally protected with respect to the event that it will help accumulate benefits to an organization. A capital wander assessment conventionally incorporates a declaration of the underlying hypothesis cost, the on-going costs and the normal advantages, what's more the figuring of different reasonable speculation execution markers or bits of knowledge. In the earlier years of placing assets into data frameworks, capital speculation evaluation strategies were associated with relative straightforwardness. With the changing method for the enthusiasm for data frameworks since heads and scholastics were imagining that it's harder to apply comparable techniques to these sorts of theories. To frustrate matters propel, the contraptions open for evaluating data frameworks as well as the frameworks accountants or bosses use to figure costs and advantages are not clearly knew by either line executives or data staff. Different associations don' t perform appraisals or cost assessments on their data frameworks at all and the people who do now and again report mixed or frustrating results. Along these lines, the venture's defense recommends introductory an appraisal and a while later the action of avocation, exhibiting that the data system is appropriate for the particular business setting. This, in any case, is altogether more difficult to apply when formally safeguarding an enthusiasm for data frameworks. The central reason is that strong evaluations of data frameworks costs and advantages are assuredly not ceaselessly open or easy to obtain (Laudon and Laudon, 2014). This is, at any rate to some degree, on account of the puzzling method for the impact of data frameworks on associations, which once in a while are a course of action of generous additionally, intangible advantages. Unmistakable advantages are those advantages that can be assessed and utilize the cash, while tricky advantages can't be measured (Simon, 2014). Frameworks are usually supplanted or modified when the present structure is no longer fitting for the present business condition (this can be the e ventual outcome of usefulness issues, particular restriction, or changes in the business shapes) or where the association intends to best upgrade its operational efficiency, suitability or intensity (Fitzgerald, 2008). The legitimization for placing assets into another data structure would, thusly, join cost issues and additionally usefulness, a course of action with business frames, a feeling of customers and similarity with current innovation. The control of the enthusiasm for data frameworks and innovation to ensure a motivating force for money is at this moment an issue of genuine stress to associations. In today's unyieldingly aggressive business climate, there is a creating essential for stricter cost control and enthusiasm for higher returns while restricting peril in all endeavors (Earl, 2006). Acknowledgment of the potential impact of IT frameworks on the essential position of associations, and notwithstanding extending levels of IT expenses, have made the control and legitimization of IT wander a fundamentally basic issue. Meanwhile, there has been and still is the board address concerning the appropriateness of customary procedures for hypothesis examination for the evaluation of IT suggestion (Hinton and Kaye, 2014). Over-reliance on these methodologies may incite an excess of traditionalist IT portfolio and a related loss of aggressiveness. The high frustration rates of new data frameworks (IS) in associations t hat were perceived in the midst of the examination coordinated suggest that there is a wide opening between the level of enthusiasm for data frameworks and an association's capacity to finish the basic advantages from such ventures. Appraisal is described as setting up by quantitative and in addition subjective means the estimation of data frameworks in the association. As determined, the appraisal or hypothesis assessment of is dangerous thus of the inconveniences related with the ID and estimation of the advantages and costs identified with such ventures (Ezingeard, Irani, and Race, 2008). Along these lines, most associations don't formally survey their enthusiasm for data frameworks. In late research and articles about the support of placing assets into data frameworks, different issues that restrain the realistic utilization of procedures devised by scholastics and researchers have been recognized. Preliminary Implementation The project deliverables comprise of what is intended for the project, such as the products and services that the project members will intend to perform and the anticipated result. Thus, the scope of the project includes the entire plan, schedule, and all necessary activities that will be made during the preliminary implementation of the project (Gartner Group. 2002). As such, the project scope of the project will comprise of all the tangible outcomes coupled with the measurable results, such as the projects objectives that have to be verifiable. To ensure that the project is a success, a project schedule should be prepared to assist the team members in understanding what is to be performed and the necessary resources available for the organization (Callon, 2013). As such, the project schedule will show all the work related activities of the project. Notably, Gantt chart is used to prepare the projects schedule ranging from the first phase to the last phase of the project. The projects costs estimate involves the approximation of all the likely costs that the project will accrue. Hence, it is the prediction of the cost of installation of an IT project. Hence, to ensure cost control of projects activities, the estimated cash flows will provide a baseline reference for all the tasks and resources needed to ensure that project implementation is successful. The cost estimate will include the labor costs, and hardware and software components. Other overhead costs will comprise of the cost of installation and testing. QMP is a basic piece apparatus of any business administration. The explanation behind the Quality Management Plan is to portray how quality will be administered all through the lifecycle of the wander and describe how the Project Team will execute, reinforce, and pass on expand quality practices for use with by the association (Hochstrasser, 2012). It furthermore consolidates the methodology and strategies for coordinating quality orchestrating, quality affirmation, quality control and nonstop process change. All accomplices should be familiar with these strategies. The Quality Management Plan helps the Senior Project Director choose whether deliverables are being made to a sufficient quality level and if the wander frames used to regulate and make the deliverables have been convincing and really associated (Remenyi, Money and Twite, 2013). The Quality Management Plan (QMP) for the venture will develop the activities, methods, and systems for ensuring a quality thing upon the complet e of the wander. The inspiration driving this plan is to: Ensure quality is masterminded Define how quality will be directed Define quality confirmation works out Define quality control works out Define commendable quality models This aspect of the Quality Management Plan should report, in an anomalous express, the general approach for quality administration for the wander and describe the inspiration driving the course of action itself in the movement of a quality thing. This portion should in like manner recognize which project(s), product(s), and furthermore the piece of the wander life cycle that are secured by this plan and the general quality objectives for this wander (Hillam and Edwards, 2001). The inspiration driving the [Project Name] Quality Management Plan is to develop the targets, methodology, and commitments required completing convincing quality administration capacities with regards to the wander. This QMP describes how the Project Team will complete, reinforce, and pass on expand quality practices for use with the [Project Name] Project. The Quality Management Plan will complete the going with goals for the [Project Name] amplify: Outlines the reason and degree of significant worth activities Show how quality will be organized and supervised show how quality affirmation (QA) operates Illustrate quality control (QC) works out show commendable quality standards describe parts and commitments with respect to quality administration works out Quality Management Scope This angle delineates the degree of significant worth administration practices for the wander. In case there are certain domains of the wander where quality standards won't be proper, they should be noted in this section. Commonly, the degree of significant worth administration practices navigates the entire wander lifecycle from begin to the end and incorporates estimation of assignments in most of the wander stages (Lubbe, 2008). QMP describes the activities and systems related to managing the way of the [Project Name] structure use effort. The course of action is suitable to the item headway lifecycle of the application for the system. This area of the Quality Management Plan depicts the approach the affiliation will use for supervising quality all through the wander's life cycle. Quality ought to reliably be organized into a wander remembering the true objective to turn away unnecessary change, waste, cost, and time. Quality should similarly be considered from both a thing and process perspective. The affiliation may starting at now have a standardized approach to manage quality, in any case, paying little respect to whether it is standard or not, the approach must be portrayed and conveyed to all wander accomplices. The quality administration approach for Volclay Siam Ltd Project will help ensure quality is foreseen both the thing and methodology. The organization will meet its quality focuses by utilizing a planned quality approach to manage describe quality rules, measure quality and interminably upgrade quality (Symons, 2001). This QMP presents the quality administration approach by delineating the specific me thods and estimations to study process and thing quality on the Volclay Siam Ltd Project. Volclay Siam Ltd Project will amplify quality approach incorporates including accomplices and quality affirmation associates ideal on time in the wander stages (Hochstrasser and Griffiths, 2014). This will empower the gathering to focus on things related to quality in the fundamental stages so that specific quality activities and benchmarks are melded before in the wander. Volclay Siam Ltd Project will moreover use week after week and month to month expand quality estimation reports as a device to bestow any quality perils or issues that rise (Van der Merwe, 2003). This region should portray the quality necessities and benchmarks to be used for the wander (Farbey and Targett, 2003). Quality masterminding should be performed in parallel with the other wander orchestrating frames. For example, proposed changes in the thing to meet perceived quality measures may require cost or logbook adjustments and a point by point chance examination of the impact of arrangements (Simon, 2014). Commitments to quality masterminding may join the Scope Baseline (Ezingeard, Irani, and Race, 2008). Creating Quality Standards This quality advancement develops the QA and QC evaluates the strategy depictions, models, and procedures of the Volclay Siam Ltd Project Team will utilize. The venture administrator and Quality Manager, as a group with the Team and Process Owners, have described and developed the quality methodology, measures, and systems that are pertinent to the Volclay Siam Ltd Project execution stages. Volclay Siam Ltd Project risk management plan contains the procedure of systemic proof of risks that may influence the project. The inspiration driving danger evaluation is to ensure levels of hazard and unsteadiness are recognized and after that truly managed fundamentally. In this way, any potential hazard to execution (level of resourcing, time, cost and quality) and the affirmation of results/focal points by the Business Owner(s) is made sense of how to ensure the venture is finished in a fitting way and adequately (Farbey and Targett, 2001). The objectives of the hazard organization approach in the Volclay Siam Ltd Project are to recognize, assess and alleviate dangers where possible and to incessantly screen chances all through whatever is left of the wander as various dangers or perils create or a hazard's impact or likelihood changes. As hazard administration plan is a nonstop method over the life of a wander, this Risk Management Plan and Risk Register must be seen as a "del ineation" of critical dangers at one point in time. Where required, the strategy of hazard distinguishing proof, evaluation and the change of countermeasures will incorporate advice with the Steering Committee people, the Volclay Siam Ltd Project Reference Group, and other correlated accomplices and Project partners. HR PLANS (Team structure, roles and responsibilities, stakeholders) The Volclay Siam Ltd Project Senior Project Director will plan to isolate gatherings as expected to decide restorative activities and process enhancements. The results of the exercises are then followed up on, where conceivable, to enhance the accomplishment of future project stages by fusing encounters and lessons learned into consequent stage arranging tasks (Farbey Targett, 2001). The team structure will comprise of the project manager, and project team members who be charged with the role of assisting the project manager in the risk management process. Project Manager: will be tasked to oversee the overall success of the project Design Engineer: Will assist in the project implementation and lead in the distribution and monitoring of the project Implementation Manager: will be tasked with the distribution, implementation, as well as monitoring of the organization's security conditions and regulations. Training Lead: Will be responsible for the training activities and providing vital resources for the project Functional Manager: will be responsible for providing the necessary resources for the project based on the staffing plan. The main aim of the communication management plan is to ensure that it defines the projects communication requirements and the manner in which the information will be distributed and feedback received from various stakeholders. As such, the plan will act as a working document which determines and defines the organizations communication needs. References Bannister, F. Remenyi, D. 2009. Value perception in IT investment decisions. [Online]. Available WWW: https://is.twi.tudelft.n./ejise/vol2/issue2/paper1.html. Brynjolfsson, E. 2012. The productivity of IT: review and assessment. MIT industrial liaison program report CCS-TR-125. Callon, J.D. 2013. Competitive advantage through information technology. Los Angeles: McGraw-Hill. Earl, M.J. 2006. Putting information technology in its place: a polemic for the nineties. Journal of Information Technology (7):100108. Ezingeard, J.N., Irani, Z. Race, P. 2008. Assessing the value and cost implications of manufacturing information and data systems: an empirical study. European Journal of Information Systems 7(4):252260 Farbey, B., L. Targett, D. 2001. How to assess your IT investment. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Farbey, B., L.,F. Targett, D. 2003. IT investment. A study of methods and practice. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Fitzgerald, G. 2008. Evaluating information systems projects: a multidimensional approach. Journal of Information Technology (13):1527. Gartner Group. 2002. Key technology advances from 2003 to 2012. [Online]. Available WWW: http//ww3.gartner.com/pages/story.php.id.3077.s.8.jsp (Accessed 12 December 2002). Hillam, C.E. Edwards, H.M. 2001. A case study approach to evaluation of information technology or information systems (IT/IS) investment evaluation processes within SMEs. [Online]. Available WWW: https://is.twi.tudelft.nl/ejise/vol4/papers/6thECITEPaper.htm (Accessed 10 October 2001). Hinton, C.M. Kaye, G.R. 2014. The hidden investments in information technology: the role of organizational context and system dependency. International Journal of Information Management 16(6):413427. Hochstrasser, B. 2012. Justifying IT investments. Advanced information systems: the new technology in today's business environment. London: Chapman and Hall. Hochstrasser, B. and Griffiths, C. 2014. Controlling IT investment, strategy and management. London: Chapman and Hall. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. 2014. Management information systems: organization and technology in the networked enterprise. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Lubbe, S. 2008. Information technology investment approaches in Namibia: six case studies. Information Technology for Development 9(1):3. Remenyi, D., Money, A. and Twite, A. 2013. A guide to measuring and managing IT investments. Oxford: Blackwells. Remenyi, D., Money, A. and Twite, A. 2015. Effective measurement and management of IT costs and benefits. London: Butterworths. Simon, H.A. 2014. The new science of management decision. New York: Harper and Row. Symons, V.J. 2008. Evaluation of information systems investment: towards multiple perspectives. In Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. London: Chapman and Hall. Van der Merwe, P. 2003. Time for a broader view of return on investment (ROI). Covergence 3(4):116119. Ward, J. 1996. Information systems: delivering business value? Paper presented at the Business Information Technology Conference, Manchester.